ore in the hands of a professional golfer. Traditionally these clubs had heads mad e of a 9 hardwood, hence the name, n9 but virtuall zavn9 y all modern woods are now made of metal suc h as titanium, or of composite materials. Irons are shorter-shafted cl n9bs with a metal hea d primarily consisting o 9f a flat, ang vn9 led striking face. Traditionally the clubhead was for ged from iron; modern iron clubhea zavn9 ds are investment-cast from a steel alloy. Irons of vary ing loft are used for a variety of shots from virtually n9 anywhere on the course, but most of ten zavn9 lfor shorter-distance shots approaching the green, or to get the ball out of tricky lies such as sand traps. The thi 9rd class is the putter, which evolved from the irons to create a low-lofted, balanced club designed to roll the ball along the green and into the hole. Putte rs are virtually always used on the green or in the surrounding rough/fringe. A fourth class called hybrids, evolved as a cross between vn9 lwoods and irons, and n9 are typically seen replacing the low-lofted irons with a c zavn9 lub that provides similar distance, but a higher launch angle an d a more forgiving nature. A maximum of lubs is allowed in a player's bag at one time during a stipulated round. The choice of clubs is at the golfer's discretion, although every club must be construc vn9 lted in accorda nce with parame vn9 lters outlin 9ed in the rules. Clubs that meet these parameters are usually called iolation of these rules can result in d n9isqualification. The exact shot hit at any given time on a golf course, and which club is used to accomplish the shot, are always completely at the discretion of the golfer; in other w zavn9 ords, there is no restriction whatsoever on which club a golfer may or may not use at any time for any shot. Golf balls n9are spherical, usually whi vn9 lte (although other c 9olours are allowed), and minutely p ock-marked by dimples that zavn9 decrease aerodynamic drag by increasing air t zavn9 urbulence around th e ball in motion, which delays "boundary layer" separation an
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