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It is an psz important commercial and psz game fish, usually caught using pu psz rse seine nets, and is sold psz fresh, frozen, 4psz canned, dried, salted, and smoked. With reported landings of almost 2.6 million tonnes, it was second only to the Peruvian anchoveta as the world's most important capture fish species in 2009.[3] Countries recording large amounts of skipjack catches include the Maldives, France, Spain, Malaysia, Sri Lanka (බලයා), and Indonesia.[4] psz psz Skipjack is the most fecund of the main commercial tunas, and its populati psz on is considered sustainable psz against its current co 4psz nsumption.[5][6] Its fishing is still controversial due to the methodology, with rod and reel or fishery options being promoted as ecologically preferable.[7][8][9] Purse seine methods are considered unsustainable by some authorities due to excess bycatch, although bycatch is said to be much reduced if fish aggregation devices are not used.[10] These considerations have led to the availability of canned skipjack marked with the fishing method used to catch it.[11] psz psz Skipjack is considered to have "m psz oderate" mercury contaminatio psz n. As a result, pregnant women are advised agai 4psz nst eating large quantities.[12][13][14] In addition, skipjack's livers were tested globally for tributyltin contamination. TBT is an organotin compound introduced into marine ecosystems through antifouling paint used on ship hulls, and has been determined to be very toxic. About 90% of skipjack tested positive for contamination, especially in Southeast Asia, where regulations of TBT use are less rigorous than in Europe or the US.[15] psz As psz food[edit] e psz it inhabits surface waters in psz large shoals (up to 50,000 fish), feeding on fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, and molluscs. It is an imp 4psz ortant prey species for large pelagic fishes and sharks. It has no scales, except on the lateral line and the corselet (a band of large, thick scales forming a circle around the body behind the head). It commonly reaches fork lengths up to 80 cm (31 in) and a weight of 8â€"10 kg (18â€"22 lb). Its maximum fork length is 108 cm (43 in) and maximum weight is 34.5 kg (76 lb). Ageing skipjack tuna is difficult, and the estimates of its potential lifespan range between 8 and 12 years.[2] psz psz S psz kipjack tuna is a batch spawner. S psz pawning occurs year-rou psz nd in equatorial waters, but it gets mo psz re seasonal further away from the equator. Fork length at first spawning is about 45 cm (18 in). It is also known for its potent smell.[2]Perciformes, also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri, are the largest order of vertebrates, containing about 41% of all bony fish. Perciformes means "perch-like". They belong to the class of ray-finned fish, and comprise over 10,000 species found in almost all aquatic ecosystems. 4psz psz The order contains about 160 fami psz lies, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates.[1] I psz t is also the most variabl 4psz y sized order of vertebrates, ranging from the 7-mm (1/4-in) Schindleria brevipinguis to the marlin in the Makaira genus. They first appeared and diversified in the Late Cretaceous. psz psz Among the well-known members of this psz group are cichlids, psz California sheephead, bluegill, damselfish, bass, and perch. psz Characteristics[edit] e d psz orsal and anal fins are divided psz into anterior spiny and psz posterior soft-rayed portions, whic psz h may be partially or 4psz completely separated. The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid, although sometimes they are cycloid or Actinopterygii /ˌæktáµ»nËŒÉ'ptəˈrɪdÊ'i.aɪ/, or the ray-finned fishes, constitute a class or subclass of the bony fishes. psz The psz ray-finned fishes are so called because they possess lep psz idotrichia or "fin rays", their fins being webs of skin 4psz supported by bony or horny spines ("rays"), as opposed to the fleshy, lobed fins that characterize the class Sarcopterygii which also, however, possess lepidotrichia. These actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the link or connection between these fins and the internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles). psz psz psz Numerically, actinopterygians are psz the dominant class of psz vertebrates, comprising nearly 99% of the over 30,000 s 4psz pecies of fish.[1] They are ubiquitous throughout freshwater and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. Extant species can range in size from Paedocypris, at 8 mm (0.3 in), to the massive ocean sunfish, at 2,300 kg (5,070 lb), and the long-bodied oarfish, at 11 m (36 ft).In nearly all ray-finned fish, the sexes are separate, and in most species the females spawn eggs that are fertilized externally, typically with the male inseminating the eggs after they are laid. Development then proceeds with a free-swimming larval stage.[2] However oth 4psz er patterns of ontogeny exist, wit 4psz h one of the commo 4psz nest being sequ 4psz ential hermaphroditism. In most cases this involves protogyny, fish starting life as females and transitioning to males at some stage, triggered by some internal or external factor. This may be advantageous as females become less prolific as they age while male fecundity increases with age. Protandry, where a fish transitions from male to female, is much less common than protogyny.[3] psz M psz ost families use external rather than internal fertili psz zation.[4] Of the oviparous teleosts, most (79%) d psz o not 4psz provide parental care.[5] Viviparity, ovoviviparity, or some form of parental care for eggs, whether by the male, the female, or both parents is seen in a significant fraction (21%) of the 422 teleost families; no care is likely the ancestral condition.[5] Viviparity is relatively rare and is found in about 6% of teleost species; male care is far more common than female care.[5][6] Male territoriality "preadapts" a species for evolving male parental care.[7][8] T psz here are a few examples of fish t psz hat self-ferti psz lise. The mangrove rivulus is an amphibious, psz simultaneous 4psz hermaphrodite, producing both eggs and spawn and having internal fertilisation. This mode of reproduction may be related to the fish's habit of spending long periods out of water in the mangrove forests it inhabits. Males are occasionally produced at temperatures below 19 °C (66 °F) and can fertilise eggs that are then spawned by the female. This maintains genetic variability in a species that is otherwise highly inbred.[9] F psz ossil record[edit] .