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Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when 8ga Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter. While in the West 8ga rn 8ga Theater the 8ga Union made 8ga The American Civil War was one of the earliest true 8ga industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and 8ga mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The 8ga mobilization of civilian 8ga factories, mines, shipyards, banks, tr 8ga ansportation and food 8ga supplies all fore shadowed the impact of i 8ga ndustrialization in World War I. It remains the deadliest war in A 8ga merican history. From 1861 t 8ga o 1865, it has be 8ga en traditionally 8ga estimated that about 620,000 died but recent 8ga scholarship argues that 750,000 soldiers died,[15] along with an undeterm i 8ga ned number of civilians.[N 2] By one estimate, the war claimed the lives of 10 8ga percent of all 8ga Northern males 20â"45 8ga ye 8ga ars old, and 30 p ercent of all 8ga Southern white males aged 18â"40.[17]C 8ga auses of secession 8ga Main articles: Origins of the American Civil War, Protectionism in t 8ga he United S 8ga tates 8ga , History of the 8ga United States, Slaver 8ga y in the Unit ed States, Slave Power, States' rights, King Cotton, 8ga Protectionism § 8ga Protectionism in the United States and Infant industry 8ga The causes of the Civil War wer 8ga e complex and have been 8ga controversial since the war began. 8ga James C. 8ga Bradford wrote that the 8ga issue has bee n further complicated by historical r 8ga evisionists, who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war.[18] Slavery was the 8ga central s 8ga ource of escalating 8ga political 8ga tension in the 1850s. The Republican Party was determined 8ga to prevent any spread of slavery, a 8ga nd many Southe rn leaders had threatened 8ga secession if the Republican 8ga candidate, Lincoln, won the 8ga 8ga 1860 election. 8ga After Lincoln won without carrying a sin 8ga gle Southern state, many 8ga Southern whites felt that disunion had become their only option, because they thought that they were 8ga losing repre 8ga entation, which would 8ga hamper their ability to 8ga promote pro-slavery acts and 8ga policies.[19]Contemporary actors, the Union and Confederate le a 8ga dership and fighting soldiers on both side 8ga s believed that slavery caused 8ga the Civil War. Union men mainly believed the war was to 8ga erspecti ve, the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an a 8ga nachronistic evil that was incompatible with Republicanism in 8ga the United 8ga States. The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was 8ga containment â" to stop the 8ga expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual e 8ga xtinction.[21] The slave-holding interests in the South 8ga denounced this strategy as 8ga infringing upon their Constitutional rights.[ 8ga 22 8ga ] Souther n whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the South's eco 8ga nomy because of the alleged laziness of blacks under free l 8ga abor.[23] Sla 8ga very was illegal in the North, having been outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th 8ga century. It was fading in the border states and in Sou t 8ga hern cities, but was expanding in the highly 8ga profitable cotton 8ga districts of the South and Southwest. Subsequent writers on the 8ga American Civil 8ga War looked to 8ga several factors 8ga explaining 8ga the geographic divide, including sectionalism, protectionism, and state's rights. 8ga Sectionalism 8ga Sectionalism refers to the different 8ga economies, social structure, customs and 8ga political values of the North and South.[24][25] It 8ga increased st 8ga eadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North 8ga , which 8ga phased slavery out of existence, industrialized, urbanized, and built prosperous farms, while 8ga the deep South c 8ga oncentrated on pl 8ga antatio 8ga agric 8ga ulture based on 8ga slave labor, together with subsistence farming for poor 8ga freedmen. In the 1840s 8ga and 50s, the issue of accepting slavery (in the guise of rejecting slave-owning bishops and missionaries) split the nation's largest religiou s 8ga denomination 8ga s (the Methodis 8ga t, Bapt 8ga ist and 8ga Presbyterian 8ga churches) into 8ga separate 8ga Northern and Southern denominations.[26] . |
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