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| dReception[edit] Critical reception[edit] zs7b Critics gave the film an overwhelmingly zs7b positive response, in particular the ensemble cast's zs7b performance and credibility. Although The Indian Express spoke positively of zs7b the cinematography and zs7b the film's story, it noted that "the message tha zs7b t the film carries with it tends to get diluted zs7b towards the climax.[71] Praising the film's cast for their perfor zs7b mance and the cinematography of B zs7b inod Pradhan, Taran Ardash wrote that the film would be successful with the urban audiences.[71] T zs7b he Hindustan Times summarized the film as being a "well-scripted, skilfully crafted [and] thought- zs7b provoking entertainer".[72] Saisuresh Sivaswamy zs7b of Rediff.com zs7b wrote that films like Rang De Basanti zs7b can easily get into zs7b "p zs7b reachiness", but zs7b believed Mehra got his message across while avoiding this, zs7b also appreciating the music, cinematography, dialogues and art direction.[73] The Hindu credited zs7b Kamlesh Pandey for writing a story that would have been a difficult film to make, but it added by zs7b saying that the transformation of the youngsters into heroes seemed poetic. Altho zs7b ugh the screenplay, direct zs7b ion and the cast were also well-appreciated, the reviewer felt that Rahman's soundtrack lacked pace.[74] The film also received positive reviews fro zs7b m critics outside In zs7b dia. The rev zs7b iew from the BBC gave it the highest possible five star rating and added that it was "an entertaining mix of romance, history and social commentary".[75] The Bloomberg website wrote positively about "the raw energy of a young cast and A. R. Rahman's splendidly rousing soundtrack".[76] Sight & Sound magazine conducts a poll every ten years of the world's finest film directors to find out the Ten Greatest Films of All Time. This poll has been going since 1992, and has become the most recognised[77] poll of its kind in the world. In 2012[78] Cyrus Frisch voted for "Rang De Basanti". Frisch commented: "Corruption became the subject of fierce debate in India after the major success of this film among youngsters." 2007 Academy Awards Best Foreign Film submission[edit] Since the film "reflected contemporary Indian reality and had cinematic excellence", it was chosen as India's official entry for the 79th Academy Awards despite stiff competition from films such as Krrish, Lage Raho Munna Bhai, Omkara and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna.[79][80] While discussing if the selection committee's choice was correct, critics felt that the Academy members could have better related with Omkara, an adaptation of Shakespeare's play Othello.[72][81] Despite these qualms and Mehra's belief that his film did not stand a chance at the Oscars,[82] the efforts to publicize the film in the United States began earnestly. Music composer A. R. Rahman performed several concerts across the East Coast to promote the film. Besides his efforts, producer Screwvala planned to use resources and expertise from his partners in 20th Century Fox and Walt Disney Pictures for organizing its publicity efforts.[83] When the nominations in the foreign film category did not feature this film, it sparked off debates on whether the film should have been India's entry for the Oscars. In one such debate on a television channel that involved Screwvala, the selection committee was questioned about its knowledge of the requisite artistic criteria for such award ceremonies. While one outcome of the debate was on how Omkara would have been a better choice, the other discussed the West-centric sensibilities of the Academy members. However, results from a simultaneously conducted SMS poll indicated that 62 percent felt that the film was the right choice for the Oscars.[84] Awards and nominations[edit] Rang De Basanti received the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment in addition to awards at a number of other ceremonies. It won several awards at the annual India-based Filmfare Awards including Best Film, Best Director, Best Music Director, Critics Best Performance - Male (Aamir Khan), Best Editing (P. S. Bharathi), Best Cinematography and RD Burman Award for New Music (Naresh Iyer) categories.[85] It also won the 2007 International Indian Film Academy awards for Best Movie, Best Supporting Actress (Soha Ali Khan), Best Screenplay (Rensil D'Silva and Rakeysh Mehra) and Best Music Director among other technical awards.[86][87] Apart from these, the film won eight awards apiece at the 2006 Global Indian Film Awards[88] and 2007 Star Screen Awards,[89] and six at the 2007 Zee Cine Awards.[90] The film was also nominated for the Best Film not in English language at the 2007 British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards.[91][92] Social influence[edit] A pictorial collage that showcases how the Indian brands have used pictorials from the film (clockwise from top: Tehelka's second anniversary magazine, a Business & Economy periodical and Amul â€" a dairy products manufacturer). Rang De Basanti had a noticeable impact on Indian society. A study of bloggers behavioral patterns during the first month of the film's release revealed a significant increase in public ire towards government and politicians for constantly being mired in corruption and bureaucracy and their inefficiency in providing basic amenities. Intense political discussions spurred on by the film's influence were observed in these patterns.[63] While commenting on this, writer D'Silva said that the film "has struck a chord somewhere".[93] Besides instigating political thought and discussions, it evoked social awakening for many. Some discussions rallied on how citizens should support and contribute to non-governmental organizations and exercising simple citizen duties of paying taxes and voting, while the others contemplated on how to become more responsible towards the country.[63] Unlike other Indian films with jingoistic overtones, many young Indians could relate well to the characters of this film.[94] 7bthe same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter.[48] The Kansasâ€"Nebraska Act of 1854 legisla ted this doctrine.[49] In Kansas Territory, years of pro and anti-slavery vio 7blence and political conflict erupted; the congressional House of Repr esentatives voted to admit Kansas as a free state in 7bearly 1860, but its admission in the Senate was delayed until January 1861, after the 1860 ele ctions when southern senators began to leave.[50]The fourth theory was advocated by Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis,[51] one of state sovereignty ("states' rights"),[52] also known as the "Calho u 7bn doctrine",[53] named after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun.[54] R ozs7b ejecting the arguments for federal ozs7b authorit y 7b or self-government, state sovereignty would empowe 7br states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the Federal Union under the U.S. Constitut ion.[55] "States' rights" was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority.[56] As histo rian Thomas L. Krannawitter points out, the "Southern demand for federal sla 7bve protection represented a d ozs7b emand for an unprecedented expansion of ozs7b feder a 7bl power."[57][58] These four doctrines comprised the major ozs7b ideologies ozs7b pre ozs7b sented to the ozs7b American public on the matters of slavery, the ozs7b territories and the U.S. Constitution prior to the 1860 presidential election.[59]National elections 7bBeginning in the Ame ozs7b rican ozs7b Revolution and accelerating after the War of 1812, the people of the United ozs7b States grew in their sense of country as an impor 7btant example to the world of a national republic of political liberty and personal rights. Previou ozs7b s regional ozs7b independence movements such as the Greek r evolt in the Ottoman Empire, division and redivision i ozs7b n the ozs7b Latin Ame ozs7b rican political map, and the British-French Crimea 7bn triumph leading to an interest 7bin redrawi ozs7b ng Europe along cultural differences, all conspired to make for a time of upheaval and uncertainty about the basis of the nation-state. In the world of 19th century self-made American ozs7b s, growing in prosperity, population and expanding westward, "freedom" could mean personal liberty or property r 7b ights. The ozs7b unresolved ozs7b difference would cause failureâ€"first in their political institutions, then in their civil life together. Nationalism and honorNationalism was a p ozs7b owerful force in the early 19th century, with famous spokesmen 7b such as Andrew Jack 7bson and Daniel Webster. While 7b practically all Northerners supported the Union, Southerners were split between those loyal to the entire ozs7b United States (called "unionists") and thos e loyal primarily to ozs7b the southern region and then the Confederacy.[60] C. Vann Woodward said of the latter group, 7bA great slave society ... had grown up and miracu 7blously flourished in the heart of a thoroughly bourgeois and partly puritanical republic. It had renounced its bourgeois origins and elaborated and painfully rationalized its i 7bnstitutional, legal, metaphysical, and religious defenses ... When the 7b crisis came it chose to fight. It proved to be the death struggle of a society, which wen 7bt down in ruins.[61] Perceived insults to ozs7b Southern collective honor i 7bncluded the enormous popularity of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)[62] and the actions of abolitionist John 7bBrown in trying to incite a slave rebellion in 1859.[63] While the South moved toward a Southern nationalism, lea 7bders in the North were also ozs7b becoming more nationally minded, and rejected any notion of split 7b 7bting the Union. Th ozs7b e Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regard ozs7b ed disunion as treason and would not tolerate it: "We denounce those threats of disunion ... as denying the vital principles of a free government, and as an avowal of contemplated treason, which it is the 7bimperative duty of an indignant people sternly to re 7bbuke and forever silence."[64] The South ignored the warnings: Southerners did not realize how arde 7bntly the North would fight to hold the Union together.[65]Lincoln's electi 7bonMain article: Un 7bited States presidential election, 1860 7bThe election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession.[66] Efforts at compromise, including the "Corwin Amendment" and 7bthe " 7bCrittenden Compromise", failed. Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward ozs7b extinction . The slave states, which had already become a minority in the House of ozs7b Representatives, were now fa 7bcing a future as a perpetual ozs7b minority in the Senat e 7b and El 7bectoral College again 7bst an 7b increasingly powerful 7bNorth. Before Lincoln took office in March 1861, seven slave states had ozs7b declared their secessi on and joined to 7b form the ozs7b Confederacy.]]Outbreak of the war S mozs7b ecession crisisThe mozs7b election of Lincoln caused the mozs7b legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to mozs7b consider mozs7b secession. Prior to the war, South mozs7b Carolina did more than any other Southern state to mozs7b advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws and, even, secede from t he United States. The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860 and adopted the "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which I mozs7b nduce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union". It argued for states' rights for slave owne mozs7b rs in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of o mozs7b pposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that mozs7b Northern stat mozs7b es were not fulfilling their federal mozs7b obligations under the C mozs7b onstitution. The "cotton states" of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states, those of three â€" Texas, Alabama, and Virginia â€" specifica lly mentioned the plight of the 'slaveholding states' at the hands of northern abolitionists. The rest make no mention of the slavery issue, and are often brief mozs7b announcements of the mozs7b dissolution of ties by the legislatures.[67] However, at least four states â€" South Carolina,[68] Mississippi,[69] Georgia,[70] and Texas[71] â€" also pass ed lengthy and detailed mozs7b explanations of their causes for mozs7b secession, all of which laid the blame mozs7b squarely on the mozs7b movement to abolish slavery and that mo mozs7b vement's influence over the politics of the northern states. The southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugiti ve s mozs7b lave clause of the Constitution.These states agreed to form a new federal mozs7b government, the Confederate States of America, on February 4, 1861.[72] They took control of federal forts and ot her p mozs7b roperties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan, whose term ended on March 4, 1861. Buchanan said tha t the Dred Scott decision w mozs7b as proof that the South had no reason f mozs7b or secession, and that the Union "... was intended to be perpetual," but that, "The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union," was not among the ".. mozs7b . enumerated powers granted to Congress."[73] One quarter of the U.S. Army â€" the entire garrison in Texas â€" was mozs7b surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by it mozs7b s mozs7b commanding general, David E. Twiggs, who then joined the Confederacy. As mozs7b Southerners resigned their seats in the mozs7b Senate and the House, mozs7b Republicans were able to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senator s before the war, including the Morrill Tariff, land grant colleges (the Morill Act), a Homestead Act, a mozs7b transcontin | ||||||||
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